Skagway AP Language

NOTES TO LOOK OVER

^^^^ The Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotle)

What in the World is Rhetoric???
Well, according to the book, rhetoric is "a thoughtful, reflective activity leading to effective communication, including rational exchange of opposing viewpoints." This to me sounds like the act of opening your mouth and conversing, or perhaps, debating with someone.

KEY ELEMENTS:

-Context
The context is the occasion that the essay/speech was given. This can be somewhat like the setting of a story, and by knowing this, you can properly assess who the intended audience is and whether or not the context increases the effectivity of the piece.
-Purpose
The goal that the speaker/writer/author wanted to achieve. This coincides with the context and allows the writer to choose the best possible audience in which to present the piece.
-Thesis/claim/assertion
This could be the
-Subject
What the piece is about, the topic, y'know... so the author should have a very good grasp on what he/she/it wants to talk about in order to express the ideas/comments thoroughly and with as much consistency as possible.

Ethos:
     Ethos is the character of the writer or the speaker. Good ethos is when the writer presents his/her/itself as a classy individual while also coming off as "credible and trustworthy". Allowing the audience to connect with the author is something that really helps push the point across and deliver the best results for giving a great speech/rhetoric.

Logos:
   Logos is the appeal to logic/reason, by offering the audience clear and easy-ro-understand ideas that make as much sense as possible, while remaining rational. Presenting a main idea in a concise manner, showing another side/counterargument, credible statistics and facts, and/or expert testimony. (See "Things Fielding told us to include in Persuasive Essays.")

Pathos:
   Pathos is the appeal to emotion. While this isn't something that should be emphasized as it can come off as propaganda which is not what you want. Appealing to the emotions means using vivid word choice that can easily stimulate the readers' thoughts and using the first-person perspective.

The Classical Arrangement of Rhetoric:

1. Introduction (exordium)
-Brings the reader into the discussion, emerging them into the world of rhetoric. Introductions can be a couple short sentences, or several lengthy paragraphs (pages...!). Drawing the reader in is important (hook) and presenting the main idea (thesis statement) and stating the order of development. Normally, this is where the author would establish ethos.
2. Narration (narratio)
-Factual information is presented and background information give the reader that much more insight into the subject. This is typically when you would begin to appeal to logos, yet it is smart to consider appealing to pathos as you are inclined to evoke an emotional response form the reader so that they can firmly decide on your opinion with the facts and statements you present.
3. Confirmation (confirmatio)
-A large portion of the writing that sets up the proof of your argument and why the audience should agree. The details in this section should be strong and thorough, while making the biggest appeal to logos in this section.
4. Refutation (refutatio)
-This part of the writing takes a look at the other side of the topic, the counterargument, if you want to call it that. Used as a "bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion" but also as appeal to ethos, as the audience can see that you are passionate enough about your subject that you chose to research both sides to get as informed as possible.
5. Conclusion (peroratio)
-Closing the essay, appealing to pathos one final time as well as connecting with ethos set up in the beginning of the piece. Instead of repeating what has already been said (guilty of this on several occasions... :l ), the writer's ideas should all get compacted into one and "answers the question, so what?" The last words are usually the ones that the audience is going to remember, so make them count. Throw it all out on the table and sum up the essay with as much intelligence as possible!

Patterns of Development:
Authors can change their arrangement by writing in order of purpose. Each method of writing purposefully has its own way of organizing thoughts and piecing together all the little eccentricities neatly and professionally.

Types of Essays We'll Be Writing:
Narration: Tells a story and recounts tales of slaying dragons and mystical creatures. Not really, but narration is typically a recollection of previous events, usually chronologically, or as a means to enter into the main idea of an essay.

Description: Much like narration and just as detailed (if not, more so), but the details focus more on the sensory responses from the readers. These include, the ways things taste, the sounds around the writer, textures and feelings, sights, colours, setting up an atmosphere for the piece. The descriptive language is a way to help make thoughts more approachable to the readers and helps in being more persuasive.

Process Analysis: An explanation. A how-to. The steps on how to achieve something or engage in a process. These can best be found in (according to the book) self-help books. Because these are going to help the way someone lives or acts, you must be as clear as possible in the instruction with smooth, flowing transitions as to not miss a step or confuse anyone.

Exemplification: Hopefully, this is readable... Facts, examples, testimonies are all ways to make an idea complete. With complete ideas, come more acceptable readers and easier persuasion.

Comparison and Contrast: Highlighting similarities and differences in an organized fashion allows clear presentation of points that can be easy to digest for the audience. With careful analytics, the author can find interesting tidbits of information that could open up ideas to readers that otherwise couldn't be achieved, as well as highlighting both sides of an argument or multiple angles of a topic.

Classification and Division: Sorting information into how topics go together and why. Connections can be made between things that are seemingly unrelated and thus, like Comparison and Contrast, can reveal difference aspects to the reader that otherwise were unknown.

Definition: Defining something can allow more points to come through and allow "meaningful conversation". Example: (See what I'm doing here?) Let's talk about how awesome alligators are. But before we do this, we must DEFINE what counts as "awesome". Perhaps a dictionary definition.

Cause and Effect: Causes and Effects. Self explanitory... "The effects that result from a cause is a powerful foundation for argument." Seems legit.

Those of you who are having a hard time with the AP prompts - think about the following things.

Question 1 - synthesis essay is an argument essay. You need to take a position and back up that position with at least three articles that are given to you. Beyond this you should - connect to other other sources and the world. Make sure you analysis the sources in relation to your thesis. Don't just summarizes them.

Question 2 - Analytical Essay. You are analyzing a passage here. Think precis. Make sure you find the authors thesis and purpose. Then show how the author creates this in the passage. Review precis if needed.

Question 3 - Argument essay. Make sure you create an argument here and back it up with specific examples.

You don't necessarily need a hook, but you do need a thesis.